Editorial style guidelines

• Brighten your language. For example, use “we,” “us” and “our” when referring to McMaster, rather than “they,” “it” and “its.”
• Use plain language. Say “use” rather than “utilize.” Why write “in the event of,” when you can write “if”? You don’t have to “attempt” anything new, just “try” it.
• Make your writing warm and story-driven, rather than corporate and institutional.

• Uppercase Brighter World if referring to McMaster’s brand. Otherwise, lowercase:
• McMaster launched the Brighter World marketing communications campaign in 2017.
• We are dedicated to creating a brighter world for all.
• Use sentence case for your headings:
• NO: McMaster Unveils a New Editorial Style Guide
• YES: McMaster unveils a new editorial style guide
• Left-align your text with a ragged right edge. Don’t centre. Don’t justify.
• McMaster always has a lowercase “c” even when capitalized: McMASTER.
• Don’t split the word “McMaster” over a line break.

• Advancing human and societal health and well-being.
• Note our Brighter World brand uses “well-being” with a hyphen

Academic degrees

• Lowercase university degrees, except when abbreviated:
• bachelor of commerce, BCom; master of arts, MA; doctor of philosophy, PhD
• Don’t add the word “degree” after the abbreviation. That is, don’t write “BA degree.”
• Don’t use periods in academic degree abbreviations, for example: BA, BEng, BCom, BArtsSc, MSc, PhD, etc.

Alma mater

• Meaning: the university, school or college one attends or attended.
• Don’t use italics.

Alumna, alumnae, alumnus, alumni

• alumna = one female graduate.
• alumnae = more than one female graduate [modern English pronunciation: “alumn-ee”].
• alumnus = one male graduate.
• alumni = more than one male graduate, or a group of male and female graduates [modern English pronunciation: “alumn-eye”].
• Don’t use “alum.”
• Gender-neutral alternatives: graduate(s) or grad(s).

Arts & Science Program

• Use an ampersand [&].
• Note that it spans two Faculties: Humanities and Science.
• “Artsci” is the abbreviation used by the program.
• The degree is BArtsSc.

Board of Governors

• Capital B and G when referring to McMaster’s Board of Governors.
• Lowercase on subsequent references: the board.

Bourns (no e)

• Arthur Bourns, president and vice-chancellor from 1972–1980.

Convocation vs. graduation

• Convocation is a formal ceremony that celebrates students’ accomplishments.
• Graduation marks the successful completion of all requirements in a student’s program.

Cross-disciplinary, interdisciplinary

• Use a hyphen in cross-disciplinary, but not in interdisciplinary.

DeGroote references

• DeGroote School of Business
• Michael DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery (MDCL)
• Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine [part of the Faculty of Health Sciences]
• Note these other “Michael G. DeGroote” entities:
• Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research
• Michael G. DeGroote Initiative for Innovation in Healthcare
• Michael G. DeGroote Innovation, Commercialization and Entrepreneurship Programming
• Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research
• Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care
• Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Centre
• Michael G. DeGroote Pain Clinic

Departments

• Lowercase is preferred:
• the history department, the chemical engineering department, etc.
• Lowercase when referring to more than one department:
• the departments of biology and bio-chemistry
• Disciplines other than English, French, German, Indigenous, Latin, Spanish do not take an initial cap:
• her degree in chemical engineering
• history professor John Weaver
• Uppercase Indigenous in all references, including departments, programs and institutes.
• Indigenous studies [lowercase “s”].
• Don’t abbreviate “department.”

faculty / faculty member (lowercase f)

• Refers to academic staff members.
• Use “faculty member(s)” to avoid confusion with Faculty or Faculties.

Faculty / Faculties (uppercase F)

• Faculty of Engineering
• Faculty of Health Sciences [includes the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine]
• Faculty of Humanities
• Faculty of Science [singular]
• Faculty of Social Sciences [plural]
• Note the DeGroote School of Business is the sixth Faculty.
• Note the Arts & Science Program spans two Faculties: Humanities and Science.

Graduating years

• Use an apostrophe and two digits for graduation years less than 100 years ago:
• BA ’35, BSc ’86, MA ’18
• Use an apostrophe — this denotes missing information.
• Don’t use a single quotation mark.
• Use four digits for graduation years of more than 100 years ago:
• BA 1918

health care [noun], not healthcare

health-care [adjective], not healthcare

Hedden

• Not Heddon

Honorary degree

• Not honourary degree

master’s

• Needs an apostrophe:
• He has a master’s degree in science.
• She’s graduating with her master’s in the fall.
• Or write: master of …
• Plural: master’s degrees

McMaster / McMASTER / Mac

• When “McMASTER” is uppercased for stylistic reasons, the “c” remains lowercased.
• Please take special note of this rule for web copy, which often defaults to all caps.
• Don’t split “McMaster” over a line break.
• Okay to use the nickname of “Mac,” except in formal documents.

McMaster Alumni Association

• Lowercase on subsequent references: the association.

McMaster Marauders

• The athletic teams that represent McMaster University (e.g., basketball, curling, fencing, football, volleyball, wrestling, etc.).

• Uppercase Marauders.

McMaster Museum of Art

• Lowercase on subsequent references: the museum.

move-in [noun] / move in [verb]

Postdoctoral (no hyphen)

• Relating to research undertaken after completion of doctoral (PhD) research.

Postgraduate / postgrad (no hyphen)

• Relating to a course of study undertaken after completing a first degree.

Postsecondary (no hyphen)

Problem-based learning

• Use a hyphen and lowercase it.
• If you must use the acronym “PBL,” be sure to define it first.

Senate

• Capital S when referring to the McMaster Senate.
• Lowercase on subsequent references: the senate.

Student centred / student-centred

• Not student centered.
• Use a hyphen when “student-centred” is an adjective before a noun.

Titles

• In news articles and other external communications for the public (including online and social media), follow Canadian Press (CP) style:
  • Use only first name and last name, and then only last name in subsequent references.
  • Don’t use courtesy titles of Mr., Mrs., Ms, etc.
• When writing about people with the same surname, use their full names in subsequent references to avoid confusion.

Dr.

• In news articles and other external communications for the public (including online and social media), follow CP style: Use Dr. only for licensed health-care professionals and use that title only once. Use surname only in subsequent references.
• If pertinent, specify the health-care specialization.
• If pertinent, mention if the person has another earned or honorary degree and give the discipline.

Professor / instructor / lecturer

• Use “professor” [lowercase] when referring to faculty members in the assistant professor, associate professor or full professor categories.
• Don’t abbreviate “professor.”
• Use “instructor” or “lecturer” [lowercase] as appropriate, when referring to others engaged in the occupation of teaching students.

Senior university titles

• Uppercase the full title before the name, after which the title is lowercased on subsequent references, including when it immediately follows the name:
  • Dean and Vice-President Paul O’Byrne …
  • Paul O’Byrne, dean and vice-president, Faculty of Health Sciences …
  • On subsequent uses, keep it simple (“the dean”) or simply refer to the individual by surname and pronoun.
  • Don’t use ampersands [&] — always spell out “and.”
  • Use commas, not parentheses: Vice-President, Research — not Vice-President (Research).
  • Hyphenate vice-president, vice-chancellor, vice-provost, vice-dean, co-chair, etc.
  • NOTE: If you are writing an internal or a formal document and you choose to capitalize all titles in all instances, then please be consistent throughout your entire document.

University

• Uppercase when using our full name: McMaster University.
• Lowercase on subsequent references: the university.
• In formal documents, continue to uppercase University, if that’s your preference — but please be consistent through the entire document.
• Lowercase when referring to universities in general.

Well-being

• Not wellbeing
• Not well being

Useful McMaster links for writers:

• Brand Standards
• Coat of Arms and Motto
• Fast Facts
• Heraldry, Ceremonials and Convocations: Policies and Practices
• Mission and Vision
• Research Centres, Institutes and Facilities

Me or I?

• NO: Thank you for helping Sandra and I write the submission.
• YES: Thank you for helping Sandra and me write the submission.
• [Would you say: “Thank you for helping I and Sandra”?]

It’s or its?

• It’s = a contraction of “it is”
  • It’s a good idea to use proper grammar.
• Its = the possessive of “it”
  • I bought a shiny new car. I like its colour.
• Its’ is not a word.

That or which?

• “That” clauses are essential to the noun they define, or they narrow the topic:
  • The movie that opened at the Roxy last week has done landslide business.
• “Which” clauses provide a reason, or add a new element:
  • The movie, which cost $4 million to make, has done landslide business.
• “Which” clauses generally need commas.
• Note that “who” is used for people:
  • She is the kind of person who can think critically.

Who or whom?

• Use “who” when it stands for he, she or they.
• Use “whom” when it stands for him, her or them.

Putting a hyphen after “ly”

• NO: The newly-launched centre
• YES: The newly launched centre

Being too passive

• Avoid the passive voice.
• Passive: The event was enjoyed by everyone.
• Active: Everyone enjoyed the event.
• Use active verbs — words that drive your sentences.

Being too possessive

• Don’t add apostrophes to plurals:
• NO: The MP’s were present.
• YES: The MPs were present.
• NO: My aunt is in her 50’s.
• YES: My aunt is in her 50s.

Getting your word order wrong

• NO: After dining on dozens of cats and dogs, the provincial ministry decided to round up coyotes and ship them to remote parts of the province.
• YES: Coyotes have killed dozens of cats and dogs, so the provincial ministry decided to round up the predators and ship them to remote parts of the province.

Abusing … punctuation!!!

• The only reason to use an ellipsis [ … ] is to denote missing words from a text or quotation.
• Only use one exclamation mark. Better yet, don’t use any.

Forgetting it’s the 21st century

• Use plain language. Be concise. Prune your adjectives and adverbs.
• Keep your sentences short — one idea per sentence.
• Keep your paragraphs short — no more than five lines long.

Don’t use periods:

• All-caps abbreviations or acronyms, such as: COU, MAPS, NSERC, BA, MA, LLD
• Abbreviations that begin and end with a cap, such as: PhD, PoW, MiG, U of T
• Don’t use periods in academic degree abbreviations, for example: BA, BEng, BCom, BArtsSc, MSc, PhD, etc.

Use periods:

• Vs. [an abbreviation of “versus”]
• Geographical abbreviations, such as: U.S., P.E.I., B.C.
• Single letter abbreviations, such as E. or p.
• Initials of a person’s name, such as E. Annie Proulx or J.P. Morgan
• Note this McMaster exception: W Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology

Do not abbreviate:

• March, April, May, June, July
• Department
• Professor

Mr., Mrs., Dr.

• These are abbreviations, so they need a period.

Miss, Ms, Mx*

• These are not abbreviations, so they don’t need a period.

Latin phrases

• e.g., exempli gratia [meaning: “for example”].
• i.e., id est [meaning: “that is to say”].
• Use periods after each letter and then a comma.
• Best to use plain English: “for example,” and “that is,”
• et al. means “and others”
• etc. is an abbreviation for “et cetera” and takes a period.

Academic degrees

• Lowercase university degrees, except when abbreviated:
• bachelor of commerce, BCom; master of arts, MA; doctor of philosophy, PhD
• Don’t add the word “degree” after the abbreviation. That is, don’t write “BA degree.”
• Don’t use periods in academic degree abbreviations, for example: BA, BEng, BCom, BArtsSc, MSc, PhD, etc.

Note that the Secretariat puts periods in all degree abbreviations for formal purposes:

• Refer to policies here.

* Mx (no period)

• Definition: A title used before a person’s surname or full name by those who wish to avoid specifying their gender or by those who identify outside the gender binary.
• Pronounced “mix” or “mux.”
• This prefix has been added to Mosaic and Campus Solutions at McMaster University as of July 5, 2018.

• Acronyms should be used sparingly.
• Avoid using acronyms in headlines.
• There is no need to provide the acronym if the organization is mentioned only once in your text, or if the organization is not well known by its acronym.
• On first reference, give the full name of the organization and the acronym in parentheses. You can then use the acronym in the rest of your text.

Some acronyms for McMaster and university-related departments and organizations:

CMPA Communications and Public Affairs [formerly OPR: “Office of Public Relations”]

CASE Council for Advancement and Support of Education

CAUT Canadian Association of University Teachers

CCAE Canadian Council for the Advancement of Education

CCE McMaster Centre for Continuing Education [now named “McMaster Continuing Education”]

CFI Canada Foundation for Innovation

CHEPA Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis [pronounced “cheppa”]

CIHR Canadian Institutes for Health Research

CIS Canadian Interuniversity Sport [now named “U Sports”]

COU Council of Ontario Universities [“of,” not “on”]

GSA Graduate Students Association of McMaster University

MAA McMaster Alumni Association

MAPS McMaster Association of Part-Time Students

MSU McMaster Students Union [no apostrophe on Students]

MUFA McMaster University Faculty Association

MURA McMaster University Retirees Association

NCE Networks of Centres of Excellence [note two plurals]

NSERC Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada [“Natural,” not “National” and plural “Sciences”]

OCE Ontario Centres of Excellence Inc.

OCUFA Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associations

OUA Ontario University Athletics

PACBIC President’s Advisory Committee on Building an Inclusive Community

SOCS Society of Off-Campus Students

SRA Student Representative Assembly

SSHRC Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada [pronounced “shirk”]

SWHAT Student Walk Home Attendant Team

TMG The Management Group

General guidelines from Canadian Press

• Uppercase all proper names, names of departments and agencies of national and provincial governments, trade names, names of associations, companies, clubs, religions, languages, nations, races, places, addresses.
• Otherwise, lowercase is preferred when a reasonable option exists.
• Uppercase common nouns — e.g., base, drive, ocean, church, department — when they are part of a formal name: Canadian Forces Base Trenton, Sussex Drive, Atlantic Ocean, Catholic Church, Fisheries

Department.

• Generally, lowercase them when standing alone in subsequent references: for example, the ocean, the church, the department.
• The common-noun elements of proper names are normally lowercased in plural uses: for example, the United and Anglican churches, the National and American leagues.

McMaster usage

Academic degrees

• Lowercase university degrees, except when abbreviated:
• bachelor of commerce, BCom; master of arts, MA; doctor of philosophy, PhD
• Don’t add the word “degree” after the abbreviation. That is, don’t write “BA degree.”
• Don’t use periods in academic degree abbreviations, for example: BA, BEng, BCom, BArtsSc, MSc, PhD, etc.

Board of Governors

• Capital B and G when referring to McMaster’s Board of Governors.
• Lowercase on subsequent references: the board.

Crown

• Uppercased when it refers to the state:
• the Crown corporation, the Crown alleged, the Crown jewels
• But: the Queen’s crown.

Departments

• Lowercase is preferred:
• the history department, the chemical engineering department, etc.
• Lowercase when referring to more than one department:
• the departments of biology and bio-chemistry
• Disciplines other than English, French, German, Indigenous, Latin, Spanish do not take an initial cap:
• her degree in chemical engineering
• history professor John Weaver
• Uppercase Indigenous in all references, including departments, programs and institutes.
• Indigenous studies [lowercase “s”].
• Don’t abbreviate “department.”

Faculty or faculty?

• Uppercase when referring to the Faculty of Engineering, the Faculty of Health Sciences, the Faculty of Humanities, the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Social Sciences.
• Lowercase when referring to academic staff members:
• The faculty participated in the symposium.
• Preferred usage: The faculty members participated in the symposium.
• Note the DeGroote School of Business is the sixth Faculty.
• Note the Arts & Science Program spans two Faculties: Humanities and Science.
• “Artsci” is the abbreviation used by the program.

Geographical regions and features

• Western Canada, Far North, Lake Superior, Niagara Peninsula.
• But northern, southern, eastern and western in terms derived from regions are lowercased:
• a western Canadian, a southerner, northern customs
• Regions not generally known as specific geographical areas are lowercased:
• southern Ontario, eastern Alberta, northern Newfoundland

Government

• No capitalization unless it’s the formal name, such as the Government of Canada or the Government of Ontario.
• Otherwise: the federal government, the provincial government, the Ontario government, government funding, and so on.
• National legislative bodies, including some short forms, are capitalized:
• House of Commons, the House, the Commons
• Provincial legislatures and local councils are lowercased:
• Quebec national assembly, Toronto city council

Historical periods, historic events, holy days and other special times

• Uppercased: Middle Ages, First World War, Second World War, Prohibition, Christmas Eve, Ramadan, Yom Kippur, Earth Day, October Crisis, etc.

Human Resources / HR (no periods)

• Uppercase when you mean the administrative department at McMaster.

Indigenous

• Capital I “Indigenous” in all instances.
• Indigenous Peoples [uppercased].
• Indigenous studies [lowercase “s”].
• Her area of research is in Indigenous studies.
• Indigenous Studies [capital “s”].
• She is pursuing her MA in Indigenous Studies.

Internet

• Lowercase: internet.

Level

• Capital L when referring to the year of a program:
• She is in Level II of the history program.
• However, note that common usage is: first year, second year, third year, fourth year.

Library

• Capital L when referring to the McMaster Library:
• The collection in Mills is part of the University Library.
• Lowercase on subsequent references: the library.

McMASTER / McMaster / Mac

• When “McMASTER” is uppercased for stylistic reasons, the “c” remains lowercased.
• Please take special note of this rule for web copy, which often defaults to all caps.
• Do not split the word “McMaster” over a line break.
• Okay to use the nickname of “Mac,” except in formal documents.

McMaster Alumni Association

• Lowercase on subsequent references: the association.

McMaster Marauders

• The athletic teams that represent McMaster University (e.g., basketball, curling, fencing, football, volleyball, wrestling, etc.).

• Uppercase Marauders.

McMaster Museum of Art

• Lowercase on subsequent references: the museum.

North, south, east, west

• Lowercase unless part of a street address.

Provinces

• No capitalization unless part of the formal title, such as the Province of Ontario.
• Otherwise, lowercase: province, provinces and provincial.

Religions

• Names of religions are proper names and are uppercased.

Royal

• Royal — as in royal visit, royal assent — is lowercased.

Seasons of the year

• Do not capitalize seasons of the year, unless they are in a formal reference:
• the Fall 2018 issue of the alumni magazine

Senate

• Capital S when referring to the McMaster Senate.
• Lowercase on subsequent references: the senate.

Titles of papers, books, plays, movies, paintings, songs, etc.

• Uppercase all words in a title except articles [a, an, the], prepositions and conjunctions of fewer than four letters:
  • War and Peace in Bertrand Russell’s Thought
  • Gone With the Wind
  • A Dictionary of Usage and Style
• Uppercase “the” at the start of publication names only if it is part of the publication’s official title:
  • the Toronto Star vs. The Globe and Mail
• Do not capitalize “the” at the start of names of almanacs, religious texts, dictionaries, directories, encyclopedias, gazetteers, handbooks and the like:
  • the Canadian Almanac, the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the Canadian Press Stylebook, the Bible

Titles of people

• Formal titles directly preceding a name are uppercased:
  • Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Archbishop Tom Collins, Mayor Fred Eisenberger
• They are lowercased standing alone — and in plural uses:
  • the prime minister, the archbishop, the mayor, premiers Rachel Notley and John Horgan
• Lowercase job descriptions and occupational titles:
  • soprano Maria Stratas, managing editor Anne Davies, author Susan Sontag, nurse Tom Atfield
• Long titles or occupational descriptions should be set off with commas:
  • Jean-Yves Duclos, the minister of families, children and social development, attended.
  • An internationally known Canadian writer, Alice Munro, was present.
• A title set off from a name by commas is lowercased.
  • The prime minister, Theresa May, will represent Britain at the talks.
• Uppercase all references to the current Pope, Canada’s reigning monarch and the current Governor General.
• Uppercase titles of nobility, religion and such that are commonly used instead of the personal name.

Lowercase on subsequent references:

• the Prince of Wales, the prince; the Duchess of Cornwall, the duchess; the Archbishop of Canterbury, the archbishop

Third World

• Use “developing world” instead.

University

• Uppercase when using our full name: McMaster University.
• Lowercase on subsequent references: the university.
• In formal documents, uppercase University if that’s your preference — but please be consistent through the entire document.
• Lowercase when referring to universities in general.

Numbers

• Spell out numbers from one to nine.
• Use figures for 10 and above: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and so on.
  • Exception: Spell out the number if it begins a sentence: “Forty people replied.”
• This rule also applies to ordinal numbers:
  • first, not 1st
  • 20th, not twentieth, unless in an official title
  • Don’t use superscript, even if Word wants you to:
  • NO: We’re aiming for 21st century usage in our new editorial style guide.
  • YES: We’re aiming for 21st-century usage in our new editorial style guide.
• Use figures for school grades, with a capital G on “Grade”:
  • Students start thinking about university in Grade 9.
• Use figures in ages standing alone after a name:
  • Dr. Smith has a daughter, Jessica, 5.
• Note that Level designations take Roman numbers:
  • The student is in Level III.
  • However, note that common usage is: first year, second year, third year, fourth year.
• 20-something, 30-something
• ‘60s Scoop:
  • Note the apostrophe [’] which indicates there are missing numbers.
  • Don’t use a single quotation mark.
  • Preferred usage: Sixties Scoop.
• No. 1:
  • He’s always been my No. 1 fan.
• Per cent:
  • Not percent.
  • But: percentage [no space].
  • Use the symbol % only in charts and tables.
• Phase 1 [drug trials, etc.]
• Phone numbers:
  • Use hyphens: 905-525-9140

Measurements

• Spell out terms such as pound(s), square feet (foot), metre(s), inch(es).
• Metric symbols:
  • Metric symbols are not abbreviations; they never take “s” in the plural; they are separated from a number by a space; and they do not take periods except at the end of a sentence.
  • The names of metric units are usually spelled out: a 20-kilogram sack, not a 20-kg sack; covering 50 hectares, not covering 50 ha; ran 10 kilometres, not ran 10 km.
  • C (for Celsius) can be used on first reference:
  • With temperatures expected to drop below -15C overnight, social workers are calling for better housing measures.
• Money:
  • No .00 with even dollars.
  • Tickets are $15 at the door.
  • When using the dollar sign, don’t use the word dollars:
  • NO: The government will give McMaster $5 million dollars.
  • YES: The government will give McMaster $5 million.
  • C for Canadian currency, if you need to differentiate that:
  • C$500
  • US for American currency:
  • US$295
  • Use “U.S.” to refer to the country.

Dates and Times

• 21st century / 20th century
  • No superscript.
  • Use a hyphen if an adjective: 21st-century; 20th-century.
• 1920–21, but: 1999–2003
• 1930s, ’30s
  • Note the apostrophe [’] which indicates there are missing numbers.
  • Don’t use a single quotation mark.
  • Note there is no apostrophe before “s” to denote the plural.
  • Exceptions: Expo 67, Expo 86 [no apostrophes].
• Abbreviate only: Jan., Feb., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov. and Dec.
• Do not abbreviate: March, April, May, June, July.
• Spell out the month when standing with a year alone:
  • Convocation was held Nov. 17, 2006.
  • The Peace Camp lasted through January 1991 [no comma].
• No st, nd, rd, or th on numbers in dates:
  • Jan. 1, not Jan. 1st
  • March 3, not March 3rd
• Time is written in figures: 8:45 a.m., 9:30 p.m.
  • Exception: Write noon or midnight, not 12 noon or 12 midnight.
• No :00 for exact hours:
  • The service will begin at 11 a.m.
• a.m. and p.m.
  • Use periods after each letter; no space between.
  • Use lowercase.
  • No need to say “in the morning” after a.m. or “in the afternoon” after p.m.

Ampersand (&)

• Never use an ampersand in the place of “and” in your text.
• Exception: Use an ampersand if it’s part of the formal name, such as:
  • the Arts & Science Program
  • the Paul R. MacPherson Institute for Leadership, Innovation & Excellence in Teaching
• Note: Ampersands can be problematic in HTML.

Apostrophe ( ’ )

• Note the apostrophe is not the same as the single opening quotation mark.
• The apostrophe indicates possession:
  • The child’s toy
  • The teachers’ apples
• Note the apostrophe is not the same as the single opening quotation mark.
• The apostrophe also indicates missing letters:
  • BA ’96 = BA 1996
  • it’s = it is
  • who’s = who is
  • o’clock = of the clock
• Apostrophes are not used for plurals:
  • The MPs were present.
  • The 1920s
  • A woman in her 50s
• Pronouns don’t have apostrophes:
  • his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs, whose
  • [No letters are missing; therefore, no apostrophe is needed.]
• Singular nouns and names ending in “s” (or an “s” sound) normally take ’s for possessives:
  • Chris’s sandwich, Burgess’s novel, Butz’s statement, the witness’s testimony, Strauss’s opera
• But names of two or more syllables that end with a “z” sound or an “eez” sound often take only an apostrophe:
  • Lansens’ foot, Moses’ tablets, Mars’ laws, Socrates’ plays
• Frozen possessives, such as McMaster Students Union or Teachers College, don’t have an apostrophe because the possession is continuous and understood.

Brackets [ ]

• In general, used for editorial notes and references.

Colon ( : )

• Some uses for a colon: to introduce an amplification, an example, a formal question or a quotation.

Comma ( , )

• We don’t use the serial comma.
• In other words, use commas between the elements of a series, but not before the final “and, or, nor”:
  • The colours of the U.S. flag are red, white and blue.
  • For a brief time, the Earth saw no fires, floods, hurricanes, tornados, monsoons, earthquakes or tsunamis.
  • The sea creature was neither hostile, menacing nor dangerous.
• Exception: Use the serial comma if that helps avoid confusion in the list:
  • Breakfast consisted of coffee, tea, oatmeal, toast and jam, and fried eggs.
•  Use commas before clauses introduced by the conjunctions “and, but, for, or, nor, yet” if the subject changes:
  • We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars. — Oscar Wilde
• A subject should not be divided from its verb by a comma no matter how lengthy the subject:
  • NO: The student sitting at the top of the pile, asked if she go home.
  • YES: The student sitting at the top of the pile asked if she go home.
• General advice from Canadian Press:
  • “When in doubt, err on the side of too few commas.”

Dash (“em” and “en”)

• An em dash (—) is roughly the width of an M. It’s used to make a strong break in the structure of a sentence:
  • The name is Bond — James Bond.
• Use an em dash to introduce a phrase or clause that summarizes, emphasizes or contrasts what has gone before:
  • The English country gentleman galloping after a fox — the unspeakable in full pursuit of the uneatable. — Oscar Wilde
• Use an em dash to attribute a quotation, as in the example immediately above.
• Place one space on each side of an em-dash.
• To create an em-dash: Type a word, two hyphens and your next word (no spaces in the sequence). Then, add the spaces needed around the em-dash.
  • An en dash ( – ) is roughly the width of the letter n. It’s used to convey duration:
    • 1754–1763
    • pp. 81–101
• To create an en-dash: Type a word, then a space, two hyphens, another space, and your next word.
• Note: The hyphen is shorter and has a different purpose.

Ellipsis ( … )

• The only reason to use an ellipsis is to indicate missing words from a text or quotation.
• An ellipsis is unnecessary at the beginning or end of the quotation. However, if using a partial quote, the ellipsis should stay at the start or end.
• Put spaces before and after the three periods.
• Be sure you are not altering the meaning of the quote by inserting ellipses.

Exclamation mark ( ! )

• Use only as part of a direct quote, if appropriate.
• Denotes great surprise, a command, deep emotion, emphasis or sarcasm.

Hyphen ( – )

• Hyphenate vice-, such as vice-president, vice-chancellor, vice-provost, vice-dean.
• Hyphenate co-, such as co-chair.
• Hyphens are used to unravel meaning:
  • an old-book collector; an old book-collector
• Use a hyphen to join prefixes to proper names:
  • anti-Liberal; pro-American
• Use a hyphen to avoid awkward combinations of letters and to differentiate words:
  • correspondent (letter writer) vs. co-respondent (in court)
  • resign (quit) vs. re-sign (sign again)
• Use hyphens when two or more words serve together as a single modifier before a noun:
  • Well-known actor
  • Out-of-date statistics
• When the same compound adjectives follow the noun, hyphens are unnecessary:
  • The actor is well known.
  • The statistics are out of date.
• Hyphens are unnecessary after an -ly adverb, even when these fall before the noun. The -ly adverb’s function is to modify other adverbs, adjectives and nouns:
  • She gave us clearly defined terms. (NOT: clearly-defined)
  • They are a happily married couple. (NOT: happily-married)
  • The newly launched centre now has a home. (NOT: newly-launched)
• Hyphens also indicate which words the reader should mentally join:
  • Our program seeks healthy eight- to 10-year-old volunteers.
• Hyphens join the numerator and denominator of fractions:
  • three-fourths; one-half

Italics

• Use italics for scientific words:
  • The scientific name for the brown trout is Salmo trutta.
• Use italics for academic journals to differentiate them from common nouns:
  • Blood; Gastroenterology; Gut; Nature
  • Or use quotation marks — but be consistent.
• In general, the Canadian Press no longer uses italics. Instead, it uses quotation marks:
  • Random House will publish “How to Get Rich” in April.

Parentheses ( )

• Use only when a word or phrase is truly parenthetical and not for editorial explanations.
• Use brackets [ ] for editorial explanations.

Photo credits

• Example:
  • PhD student Islam Hassan (left) and professor Ravi Selvaganapathy. Photo by Dan Kim/Associated Press.
• Shutterstock credits should include the name of the photographer and Shutterstock:
  • Photo by I.P. Freely/Shutterstock.
• Use a period at the end of both your caption and your photo credit.
• If the photographer is internal to Mac, no need to include “McMaster University” in the photo credit.

Quotation marks

• Use double quotation marks, except for headlines and quotes within a quote, which use single quotation marks.
• Periods and commas go inside closing quotation marks.
• Colons and semicolons go outside closing quotation marks.
• Titles of papers should be enclosed in quotation marks:
  • He gave a paper titled “War and Peace in Bertrand Russell’s Thought” at a symposium in New York.
• It is not necessary to put quotation marks around the names of reference books, catalogues, newspapers, magazines, the Bible or O Canada:
  • The Bible is a bestseller throughout the country.
  • Every year we sing O Canada on July 1.
• Use quotation marks to enclose direct quotations:
  • The lawyer said, “I don’t think the police should be paying suspects for information.”
• Provide the speaker’s identity quickly if a quotation is unusually long.
• Use quotation marks around unfamiliar terms on first reference:
  • The fluid was named “protoplasm” by the scientist.
• Quotation marks around words can denote irony (which may be unintended):
  • The “friendly” soccer game ended with two players being sent home.
• Don’t use quotation marks to enclose slogans and headlines:
  • The pickets carried signs that read Cut Taxes, Not Jobs.
• Don’t use quotation marks around single letters:
  • She got a B on the test.
  • He wore the captain’s C on his shirt.
• For quotes that span more than one paragraph:
  • Use opening double quotation marks at the beginning of each paragraph; and
  • Use a closing double quotation mark only at the end of the last paragraph of the quoted remarks.

Semi-colon ( ; )

• The main test for a semi-colon is: Are the phrases on either side complete sentences?
• The ideas in each part should also be related:
  • NO: For the past four years, I have served on several hiring committees; and volunteering in the community.
  • YES: For the past four years, I have served on several hiring committees; I have also volunteered in the community.
    • [Complete and related sentences on both sides.]
• Semi-colons can be used instead of commas when separating words in a long list.

Spaces and spacing

• Use only one space after a period.
• Two spaces are a carryover from the days of the typewriter.

Web addresses/URLs

• Write web addresses in lowercase without http:// or www.
  • mcmaster.ca
• But keep less familiar web prefixes such as ftp://
• Keep a URL on one line, if possible.
• Use a period if the URL falls at the end of a sentence.
• But don’t use a period if it’s a marketing piece and the URL stands alone, for example at the bottom of an ad.
• Don’t underline or italicize web addresses.
• Use “online” not “on line.”
• Use “website” not “web site.”

General guidelines from Canadian Press

• Refer to the Canadian Oxford Dictionary.
• Follow Canadian spelling (such as behaviour, colour, flavour, labour, neighbour, etc., except for honorary); theatre instead of theater; cheque instead of check; and so on.
• Like Americans, we prefer “ize/yze” endings for words such as criticize and analyze.
• Like the British, we prefer “-ce” endings instead of “-se” endings on nouns like defence and offence.
• We double the “l” at the ends of words when adding a suffix: travelled, rivalled, medallist.
• For words in common use, Canadian Press style is a simple “e” rather than the diphthongs “ae” and “oe”: archeologist, ecumenical, encyclopedia, esthetic, fetus, gynecologist, hemorrhage, medieval, paleontologist, pedagogy and pediatrician.
• Don’t change the spellings of institutions based in the United States, such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Commonly misspelled or misused words

• accommodate
• affect [verb]: influence, have an effect on a result
  • The strike affects everyone.
• archeology, not archaeology
• catalogue, not catalog
• centre, not center; centred, not centered
• cheque, not check
• complementary: serving to complete; supplying needs; combining to enhance or emphasize
• You will find that our goals are complementary.
• complimentary: free of charge; expressing praise or admiration
  • Tickets to the show are complimentary.
  • We couldn’t believe how complimentary the review was.
• effect [noun or verb]: bring about, accomplish
  • The postal strike could effect major changes in relations between the union and the government. [verb]
  • Beer and wine have the same effect on blood-alcohol levels. [noun]
• email, not e-mail
• enrol, not enroll
  • enrolment
  • But: enrolled, enrolling
• genealogy, not geneology
• fulsome, not fullsome: excessive, cloying, copious
• fundraising, not fund-raising
• groundbreaking
  • One word and no hyphen, no matter what spell check says
• health care [noun], not healthcare
• health-care [adjective]
• honorary, not honourary
• Indigenous [adjective]: capital I
• Indigenous Peoples: capital I and P
  • Avoid “Aboriginal” or “Native”
• its: the possessive of “it”
• it’s: a contraction of “it is”
• knowledgeable: keep the “e”
• led: past tense of the verb “to lead”
• licence [noun]
• license [verb]
• licensed [adjective]
• litre, not liter
• metre, not meter
• move-in [noun] / move in [verb]
• online, not on line
• per cent, not percent
• percentage [no space]
• pore
  • to be absorbed in studying, to think intently; or
  • a minute opening, such as the pores of the skin
• pour
  • to flow or cause to flow: The rain poured down; they poured their drinks
• practice [noun]
• practise [verb]
• practised [adjective]
• principal
  • chief, most important; school head; principal giving [fundraising term]
• principle
  • basic truth or rule; code of conduct
• program, not programme
• publicly, not publically
• stationary: something that’s not moving
• stationery: writing materials, such as paper and pens
• theatre, not theater
• their: the possessive of “they”
• there: in, at or to a place
• they’re: the contraction of “they are”
• website, not web site; okay to use “site”
• well-being, not wellbeing, not well being
• who’s: the contraction of “who is”
• whose: the possessive of “who”
• your: the possessive of “you”
• you’re: the contraction of “you are”

New words for the 21st century

As listed in Canadian Press Caps and Spelling, 22nd edition, October 2018

Airbnb

alt-right

Android

antidepressant

binge-watch
blockchain
burqa

clickbait

cryptocurrency

e-transfer

fintech

greenlight [verb]

livestream

newsfeed

photo-bomb

Pilates

Pride

trade-off [noun and adjective]

United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)

Wastewater